GHRL

SNP Table

variant	genotype	frequency	risk allele
rs757282700
rs696217
rs1617161
rs139684563
rs139997338
rs149396238
rs267599519
rs34911341
rs370306
rs4684677
rs540101934
rs2544008
rs26311
rs35679
rs35680
rs35681
rs35682
rs35683
rs3755777
rs42451

26792 associated SNPs in total

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Summary GHR Function More Information Lifestyle & Supplement Interactions Frequently Asked Questions

Summary

GHRL is the gene that codes for the peptide hormone, ghrelin. Ghrelin is considered a multi-functional hormone that is mainly produced by specialized stomach cells (R). It is also produced by various tissues and organs including the gut, pancreas, kidney, reproductive organs, placenta, bone, and brain (R, R2, R3).

Injections of Ghrelin in both humans and mice have been shown to increase food intake in a dose-dependent manner: the more Ghrelin, the more you eat (R, R 2). Chronically elevated levels of ghrelin are associated with obesity, overeating, and inflammation-related diseases including Ulcerative Colitis, Crohns Disease, Pancreatitis, and possibly Rheumatoid Arthritis (R).

Protein names

ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [Source:HGNC Symbol;Acc:HGNC:18129]

GHR Function

Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR). Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation.

Obestatin may be the ligand for GPR39. May have an appetite-reducing effect resulting in decreased food intake. May reduce gastric emptying activity and jejunal motility.

More Information

From NCBI Gene: Obesity

From NCBI Gene: This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is empty, whereupon it binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the hypothalamus which results in the secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin). Ghrelin is thought to regulate multiple activities, including hunger, reward perception via the mesolimbic pathway, gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and pancreatic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was initially proposed that obestatin plays an opposing role to ghrelin by promoting satiety and thus decreasing food intake, but this action is still debated. Recent reports suggest multiple metabolic roles for obestatin, including regulating adipocyte function and glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. In addition, antisense transcripts for this gene have been identified and may potentially regulate ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein expression. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014] From UniProt: Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR). Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation. Obestatin may be the ligand for GPR39. May have an appetite-reducing effect resulting in decreased food intake. May reduce gastric emptying activity and jejunal motility.

Lifestyle & Supplement Interactions

Ways to Increase Ghrelin

If you have low levels of ghrelin and are genetically predisposed to autoimmunity, you might want to increase ghrelin production.

Weight Loss – Ghrelin is lower in overweight people (R, R2).
Fasting – Ghrelin is secreted when the stomach is empty (R).
Fiber – Under fasting conditions, the more fiber consumed, the higher ghrelin levels (R).
Curcumin (R) -in diabetic animal models with gastroparesis.
Fish Oil (R)
Hi-maize Resistant Starch (R)
Zinc – In young pigs (R).

Ways to Reduce Ghrelin

If you have high levels of ghrelin, are genetically predisposed to cancer or eating disorders, or are trying to lose weight, you might want to decrease ghrelin production. Here are some habitual ways to decrease ghrelin:

Protein (Red meat) – (R, R2) Ghrelin levels after eating a high protein meal was much lower compared to ghrelin levels after a high a calorie meal.
Adequate sleep – (R).
Fructose Restriction – (R) Ghrelin does not decrease as much after eating fructose. Lingering ghrelin may lead to overeating and contribute to weight gain and obesity.
Vitamin D3 (maybe) – Ghrelin was higher in people who were deficient in vitamin D3 (R).
Using Honey instead of sugar (maybe) (R).

Frequently Asked Questions

Why Are Alleles for This SNP Different Elsewhere? Major vs. Reference Allele Is My Variant Good or Bad? SNP vs. Mutation

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