congenital nephrotic syndrome Genetics Home Reference provides information about congenital nephrotic syndrome. cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia Genetics Home Reference provides information about cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia. Denys-Drash syndrome At least 80 mutations in the WT1 gene have been found to cause Denys-Drash syndrome, a condition that affects development of the kidneys and genitalia and most often affects males. These mutations almost always occur in areas of the gene known as exon 8 and exon 9. Most mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the WT1 protein. The most common mutation that causes Denys-Drash syndrome (found in about 40 percent of cases) replaces the amino acid arginine with the amino acid tryptophan at protein position 394 (written Arg349Trp or R349W). The mutations that cause Denys-Drash syndrome lead to the production of an abnormal WT1 protein that cannot bind to DNA. As a result, the activity of certain genes is unregulated, which impairs development of the kidneys and genitalia. Abnormal development of these organs leads to the signs and symptoms of Denys-Drash syndrome. Rarely, a mutation in exon 8 or exon 9 of the WT1 gene causes a related condition called Frasier syndrome (described below). Because these two conditions share a genetic cause and have overlapping features, some researchers have suggested that these two conditions are part of a spectrum and not two distinct conditions. Frasier syndrome At least seven mutations in the WT1 gene have been found to cause Frasier syndrome, a condition that affects development of the kidneys and genitalia and most often affects males. These mutations almost always occur in an area of the gene known as intron 9. The most common mutation that causes Frasier syndrome (found in over half of affected individuals) changes a single DNA building block (nucleotide) in the WT1 gene, written as IVS+4C>T. This mutation and others that cause Frasier syndrome alter the way the gene's instructions are pieced together to produce the protein. The WT1 gene mutations that cause Frasier syndrome lead to the production of a protein with an impaired ability to control gene activity and regulate the development of the kidneys and reproductive organs, resulting in the signs and symptoms of Frasier syndrome. Rarely, a mutation in intron 9 of the WT1 gene causes a related condition called Denys-Drash syndrome (described above). Because these two conditions share a genetic cause and have overlapping features, some researchers have suggested that these two conditions are part of a spectrum and not two distinct conditions. prostate cancer Genetics Home Reference provides information about prostate cancer. WAGR syndrome The WT1 gene is located in a region of chromosome 11 that is often deleted in people with WAGR syndrome, which is a disorder that affects many body systems and is named for its main features: a childhood kidney cancer known as Wilms tumor, an eye problem called anirida, genitourinary anomalies, and intellectual disability (formerly referred to as mental retardation). As a result of this deletion, affected individuals are missing one copy of the WT1 gene in each cell. The loss of this gene is responsible for the genitourinary abnormalities and the increased risk of Wilms tumor in affected individuals. cancers Mutations in the WT1 gene can cause Wilms tumor, a rare form of kidney cancer that usually occurs in early childhood. Some people with Wilms tumor have a mutation in one copy of the WT1 gene in every cell. Most of these are new mutations that occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or in early fetal development, although some may be inherited from a parent. In other people with Wilms tumor, WT1 gene mutations are present only in the tumor cells. These changes are typically somatic, which means they are acquired during a person's lifetime. WT1 gene mutations, whether they are somatic or present in every cell, account for 10 to 20 percent of cases of Wilms tumor. Changes in the activity (expression) of the WT1 gene are associated with several other forms of cancer. In particular, the WT1 gene is abnormally expressed in certain types of lung, prostate, breast, and ovarian cancer. Abnormal expression of the WT1 gene also occurs in some cancers of blood-forming cells (leukemias), such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is unclear what role the WT1 protein plays in the development or progression of cancer. other disorders At least two mutations in the WT1 gene have been found to cause Meacham syndrome. This condition is characterized by abnormalities in the development of the male genitalia, heart, and diaphragm. Individuals with this condition have a typical male chromosome pattern (46,XY) but have external genitalia that do not look clearly male or clearly female (ambiguous genitalia) or have genitalia that appear completely female. Additionally, the internal reproductive organs are female, but they do not develop normally. Individuals with Meacham syndrome typically have heart defects that are present from birth and can vary in severity. They also have a hole in the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity (the diaphragm), which is called a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Meacham syndrome is typically fatal in infancy. Approximately a dozen individuals have been described as affected with Meacham syndrome. Mutations in the WT1 gene can also cause a condition called isolated nephrotic syndrome. This condition is characterized by an inability of the kidneys to filter waste products from blood, which leads to protein in the urine, swelling (edema), and ultimately, kidney failure. Isolated nephrotic syndrome includes diffuse glomerulosclerosis, in which scar tissue forms throughout the clusters of tiny blood vessels (glomeruli) in the kidneys, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, in which glomeruli in only certain areas of the kidneys experience scarring. Mutations in the WT1 gene most often cause diffuse glomerulosclerosis.

     The WT1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is necessary for the development of the kidneys and gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males). Within these tissues, the WT1 protein plays a role in cell growth, the process by which cells mature to perform specific functions (cell differentiation), and the self-destruction of cells (apoptosis). To carry out these functions, the WT1 protein regulates the activity of other genes by attaching (binding) to specific regions of DNA. On the basis of this action, the WT1 protein is called a transcription factor.

The following transcription factors affect gene expression:

• p53
• c-Myc
• Sp1
• GATA-1
• Pax-2
• Sox9
• c-Myb
• p300

Tissue specificity:

Expressed in the kidney and a subset of hematopoietic cells.

Molecular Function:

• Transcriptional Activator Activity, Rna Polymerase Ii Core Promoter Proximal Region Sequence-Specific Binding
• Transcription Factor Activity, Sequence-Specific Dna Binding
• Rna Binding
• Zinc Ion Binding
• Double-Stranded Methylated Dna Binding
• Sequence-Specific Dna Binding
• Transcription Regulatory Region Dna Binding
• Hemi-Methylated Dna-Binding
• C2h2 Zinc Finger Domain Binding

Biological Processes:

• Negative Regulation Of Transcription From Rna Polymerase Ii Promoter
• Vasculogenesis
• Ureteric Bud Development
• Branching Involved In Ureteric Bud Morphogenesis
• Kidney Development
• Regulation Of Animal Organ Formation
• Regulation Of Transcription, Dna-Templated
• Regulation Of Transcription From Rna Polymerase Ii Promoter
• Germ Cell Development
• Thorax And Anterior Abdomen Determination
• Heart Development
• Sex Determination
• Negative Regulation Of Cell Proliferation
• Rna Splicing
• Gonad Development
• Male Gonad Development
• Tissue Development
• Negative Regulation Of Translation
• Negative Regulation Of Cell Growth
• Adrenal Gland Development
• Male Genitalia Development
• Epithelial Cell Differentiation
• Glomerulus Development
• Glomerular Basement Membrane Development
• Adrenal Cortex Formation
• Camera-Type Eye Development
• Positive Regulation Of Apoptotic Process
• Negative Regulation Of Apoptotic Process
• Negative Regulation Of Transcription, Dna-Templated
• Positive Regulation Of Transcription, Dna-Templated
• Mesenchymal To Epithelial Transition
• Positive Regulation Of Heart Growth
• Diaphragm Development
• Cardiac Muscle Cell Fate Commitment
• Visceral Serous Pericardium Development
• Cellular Response To Camp
• Cellular Response To Gonadotropin Stimulus
• Metanephric Mesenchyme Development
• Glomerular Visceral Epithelial Cell Differentiation
• Posterior Mesonephric Tubule Development
• Metanephric Epithelium Development
• Metanephric S-Shaped Body Morphogenesis
• Negative Regulation Of Metanephric Glomerular Mesangial Cell Proliferation
• Positive Regulation Of Male Gonad Development
• Negative Regulation Of Female Gonad Development
• Positive Regulation Of Metanephric Ureteric Bud Development