Summary of PPARD
PPAR delta is a nuclear hormone receptor that governs a variety of biological processes and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
PPAR delta may function as an integrator of sorts. PPAR delta helps prevent heart disease (R). PPAR delta is important for hair growth (R). At higher levels,
PPAR delta increases fat burning in muscle and fat cells and increases energy expenditure. At lower levels, it helps create fat cells (R, R2).
Studies into the role of PPAR´ in cancer have produced contradictory results and there is no scientific consensus on whether it promotes or prevents cancer formation (R).
PPAR´ is involved with the absorption of fat and cholesterol (lipid uptake, such as fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid translocase). Also, it helps the growth of intestinal mucosa in response to fat (R).
PPARD modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages and is linked to a significant rise in HDL cholesterol. PPAR activation in the liver decreases liver glucose output, thereby contributing to improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (R).
In a meta-analysis, PPAR delta was associated with height (R). PPAR delta is found to be elevated in colorectal cancer cells.
The Function of PPARD
Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand.
Protein names
Recommended name:
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaShort name:
NUCIAlternative name(s):
PPAR-deltaNuclear hormone receptor 1
NUC1
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 2
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta
PPAR-beta
- RS1053049 (PPARD) ??
- RS1883322 (PPARD) ??
- RS2016520 (PPARD) ??
- RS2076167 (PPARD) ??
- RS2076169 (PPARD) ??
- RS2206030 (PPARD) ??
- RS2267668 (PPARD) ??
- RS3734254 (PPARD) ??
- RS4713858 (PPARD) ??
- RS6457821 (PPARD) ??
- RS6902123 (PPARD) ??
- RS6922548 (PPARD) ??
- RS7744392 (PPARD) ??
- RS7769719 (PPARD) ??
- RS9470004 (PPARD) ??
- RS9658108 (PPARD) ??
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Top Gene-Substance Interactions
PPARD Interacts with These Diseases
| Disease | Score |
Fixes
Substances That Increase PPARD
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Substances That Decrease PPARD
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Advanced Summary
Read: PPAR Delta Genes: Burn Fat and Become an Endurance Athlete.
PPAR delta decreases inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and macrophage-related inflammation (R). PPAR´ helps prevent TNF-induced apoptosis in skin cells (R). PPAR delta is a potent inhibitor of activation of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma (R).
Treatment of obese animals by PPAR´ activators results in normalization of metabolism and a reduction of body bat. PPAR´ also can increase fat cells when on a high fat diet by stimulating preadipocyte proliferation and by controlling the induction of PPAR gamma (R).
The nuclear receptor increases the fatty acid burning capacities of muscle and fat tissue by controlling the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, ²-oxidation, and energy uncoupling (R).
PPAR delta increases production of PGC-1a and TGF-beta (R). PPAR delta potentiates PPAR gamma fat cell production (R).
Conditions with Increased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Conditions with Decreased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Technical
The following transcription factors affect gene expression:
Tissue specificity:
Ubiquitous with maximal levels in placenta and skeletal muscle.
Gene Pathways:
Molecular Function:
- Transcriptional Repressor Activity, Rna Polymerase Ii Transcription Regulatory Region Sequence-Specific Binding
- Dna Binding
- Transcription Factor Activity, Sequence-Specific Dna Binding
- Steroid Hormone Receptor Activity
- Transcription Coactivator Activity
- Rna Polymerase Ii Transcription Factor Activity, Ligand-Activated Sequence-Specific Dna Binding
- Transcription Factor Binding
- Drug Binding
- Zinc Ion Binding
- Lipid Binding
- Sequence-Specific Dna Binding
- Linoleic Acid Binding
Biological Processes:
- Negative Regulation Of Transcription From Rna Polymerase Ii Promoter
- Glucose Metabolic Process
- Proteoglycan Metabolic Process
- Generation Of Precursor Metabolites And Energy
- Regulation Of Transcription From Rna Polymerase Ii Promoter
- Transcription Initiation From Rna Polymerase Ii Promoter
- Lipid Metabolic Process
- Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation
- Vitamin A Metabolic Process
- Apoptotic Process
- Heart Development
- Embryo Implantation
- Cholesterol Metabolic Process
- Cell Proliferation
- Axon Ensheathment
- Phospholipid Biosynthetic Process
- Fatty Acid Catabolic Process
- Mrna Transcription
- Response To Glucose
- Positive Regulation Of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling
- Regulation Of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Proliferation
- Negative Regulation Of Smooth Muscle Cell Migration
- Glucose Transport
- Fatty Acid Transport
- Cell Differentiation
- Negative Regulation Of Cell Growth
- Cell-Substrate Adhesion
- Positive Regulation Of Insulin Secretion
- Negative Regulation Of Collagen Biosynthetic Process
- Response To Vitamin A
- Wound Healing
- Negative Regulation Of Apoptotic Process
- Positive Regulation Of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Regeneration
- Keratinocyte Proliferation
- Positive Regulation Of Fat Cell Differentiation
- Negative Regulation Of Myoblast Differentiation
- Positive Regulation Of Epidermis Development
- Negative Regulation Of Transcription, Dna-Templated
- Positive Regulation Of Transcription, Dna-Templated
- Positive Regulation Of Vasodilation
- Decidualization
- Negative Regulation Of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation
- Negative Regulation Of Epithelial Cell Proliferation
- Negative Regulation Of Inflammatory Response
- Keratinocyte Migration
- Adipose Tissue Development
- Cellular Response To Lipopolysaccharide
- Cellular Response To Hypoxia
- Apoptotic Signaling Pathway
- Negative Regulation Of Pri-Mirna Transcription From Rna Polymerase Ii Promoter
- Positive Regulation Of Myoblast Proliferation
Drug Bank:
- Icosapent
- Bezafibrate
- Treprostinil
- Sulindac