From NCBI Gene: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, susceptibility to

     From NCBI Gene: This antimicrobial gene encodes a stromal cell-derived alpha chemokine member of the intercrine family. The encoded protein functions as the ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4, and plays a role in many diverse cellular functions, including embryogenesis, immune surveillance, inflammation response, tissue homeostasis, and tumor growth and metastasis. Mutations in this gene are associated with resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014] From UniProt: Chemoattractant active on T-lymphocytes, monocytes, but not neutrophils. Activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis. Also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3, which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for SDF-1. SDF-1-beta(3-72) and SDF-1-alpha(3-67) show a reduced chemotactic activity. Binding to cell surface proteoglycans seems to inhibit formation of SDF-1-alpha(3-67) and thus to preserve activity on local sites. Acts as a positive regulator of monocyte migration and a negative regulator of monocyte adhesion via the LYN kinase. Stimulates migration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through its receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, and decreases monocyte adherence to surfaces coated with ICAM-1, a ligand for beta-2 integrins. SDF1A/CXCR4 signaling axis inhibits beta-2 integrin LFA-1 mediated adhesion of monocytes to ICAM-1 through LYN kinase. Inhibits CXCR4-mediated infection by T-cell line-adapted HIV-1. Plays a protective role after myocardial infarction. Induces down-regulation and internalization of ACKR3 expressed in various cells. Has several critical functions during embryonic development; required for B-cell lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis in bone marrow and heart ventricular septum formation.

The following transcription factors affect gene expression:

• NF-kappaB
• p53
• NF-1

Tissue specificity:

Isoform Alpha and isoform Beta are ubiquitously expressed, with highest levels detected in liver, pancreas and spleen. Isoform Gamma is mainly expressed in heart, with weak expression detected in several other tissues. Isoform Delta, isoform Epsilon and isoform Theta have highest expression levels in pancreas, with lower levels detected in heart, kidney, liver and spleen.

Developmental stage:

Isoform Alpha is ubiquitously expressed in fetal tissues. Isoform Beta and isoform Delta have more limited expression patterns, with highest levels detected in fetal spleen and fetal liver, respectively. Isoform Gamma and isoform Theta are weakly detected in fetal kidney.

Molecular Function:

• Receptor Binding
• Chemokine Activity
• Chemoattractant Activity
• Chemokine Receptor Binding
• Cxcr Chemokine Receptor Binding

Biological Processes:

• Response To Hypoxia
• Neuron Migration
• Positive Regulation Of Endothelial Cell Proliferation
• Cellular Calcium Ion Homeostasis
• Chemotaxis
• Defense Response
• Immune Response
• Cell Adhesion
• Signal Transduction
• G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathway
• Axon Guidance
• Blood Circulation
• Regulation Of Actin Polymerization Or Depolymerization
• Adult Locomotory Behavior
• Response To Radiation
• Response To Heat
• Response To Mechanical Stimulus
• Response To Virus
• Telencephalon Cell Migration
• Animal Organ Regeneration
• Positive Regulation Of Dopamine Secretion
• Response To Peptide Hormone
• Positive Regulation Of Cell Adhesion
• Positive Regulation Of Axon Extension Involved In Axon Guidance
• Induction Of Positive Chemotaxis
• Cell Chemotaxis
• Chemokine-Mediated Signaling Pathway
• Positive Regulation Of Monocyte Chemotaxis
• Positive Regulation Of Calcium Ion Import
• Negative Regulation Of Intrinsic Apoptotic Signaling Pathway In Response To Dna Damage
• Negative Regulation Of Leukocyte Tethering Or Rolling
• Negative Regulation Of Leukocyte Apoptotic Process
• Positive Regulation Of T Cell Migration

Drug Bank:

• Tinzaparin