Disease	Score

Substances	Interaction	Organism	Category

Substances	Interaction	Organism	Category

     age-related macular degeneration Genetics Home Reference provides information about age-related macular degeneration. hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy At least one mutation in the CST3 gene has been found to cause hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a condition characterized by stroke and a decline in intellectual function (dementia), which begins in mid-adulthood. The CST3 gene mutation that has been identified causes a form of hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy known as the Icelandic type. This mutation replaces the protein building block (amino acid) leucine with the amino acid glutamine at position 68 in the cystatin C protein (written as Leu68Gln or L68Q). This abnormal cystatin C protein is less stable and is more prone to cluster together (aggregate) than the normal protein. The aggregated protein forms clumps called amyloid deposits that accumulate in the blood vessel walls primarily in the brain, but also in blood vessels in other areas of the body such as the skin, spleen, and lymph nodes. The accumulation of these amyloid deposits, known as plaques, does not appear to have any health effects outside of the brain. In the brain, the amyloid plaques replace the muscle fibers and elastic fibers that give blood vessels flexibility, causing them to become weak and prone to breakage. Such a break in the brain causes bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke), which can lead to brain damage and dementia.

     The CST3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cystatin C. This protein is part of a family of proteins called cysteine protease inhibitors that help control several types of chemical reactions by blocking (inhibiting) the activity of certain enzymes. Cystatin C inhibits the activity of enzymes called cathepsins that cut apart other proteins in order to break them down. Cystatin C is found in biological fluids, such as blood. Its levels are especially high in the fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord (the cerebrospinal fluid or CSF).

Condition	Change (log2fold)	Comparison	Species	Experimental variables	Experiment name

Condition	Change (log2fold)	Comparison	Species	Experimental variables	Experiment name

The following transcription factors affect gene expression:

• ER-alpha
• C/EBPalpha
• Sp1

Tissue specificity:

Expressed in submandibular and sublingual saliva but not in parotid saliva (at protein level). Expressed in various body fluids, such as the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Expressed in highest levels in the epididymis, vas deferens, brain, thymus, and ovary and the lowest in the submandibular gland.

Molecular Function:

• Beta-Amyloid Binding
• Protease Binding
• Endopeptidase Inhibitor Activity
• Cysteine-Type Endopeptidase Inhibitor Activity
• Identical Protein Binding

Biological Processes:

• Eye Development
• Response To Hypoxia
• Cell Activation
• Apoptotic Process
• Defense Response
• Brain Development
• Salivary Gland Development
• Embryo Implantation
• Positive Regulation Of Cell Proliferation
• Response To Toxic Substance
• Response To Carbohydrate
• Negative Regulation Of Peptidase Activity
• Negative Regulation Of Collagen Catabolic Process
• Negative Regulation Of Extracellular Matrix Disassembly
• Response To Nutrient Levels
• Response To Estradiol
• Regulation Of Tissue Remodeling
• Circadian Sleep/Wake Cycle, Rem Sleep
• Regulation Of Programmed Cell Death
• Cellular Protein Metabolic Process
• Positive Regulation Of Dna Replication
• Negative Regulation Of Proteolysis
• Response To Axon Injury
• Sertoli Cell Development
• Negative Regulation Of Elastin Catabolic Process
• Negative Regulation Of Blood Vessel Remodeling
• Negative Regulation Of Cell Death
• Cellular Response To Hydrogen Peroxide
• Negative Regulation Of Cysteine-Type Endopeptidase Activity
• Extracellular Fibril Organization

*synonyms