The Function of AKT2
One of the few specific substrates of AKT2 identified recently is PITX2. Phosphorylation of PITX2 impairs its association with the CCND1 mRNA-stabilizing complex thus shortening the half-life of CCND1. AKT2 seems also to be the principal isoform responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake. Phosphorylates C2CD5 on 'Ser-197' during insulin-stimulated adipocytes. AKT2 is also specifically involved in skeletal muscle differentiation, one of its substrates in this process being ANKRD2. Down-regulation by RNA interference reduces the expression of the phosphorylated form of BAD, resulting in the induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Phosphorylates CLK2 on 'Thr-343'.
Protein names
Recommended name:
RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinaseAlternative name(s):
Protein kinase Akt-2Protein kinase B beta
PKB beta
RAC-PK-beta
- RS76137255 (AKT2) ??
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Top Gene-Substance Interactions
AKT2 Interacts with These Diseases
| Disease | Score |
Substances That Increase AKT2
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Substances That Decrease AKT2
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Conditions with Increased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Conditions with Decreased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Technical
The following transcription factors affect gene expression:
Tissue specificity:
Expressed in all cell types so far analyzed.
Gene Pathways:
- Disease
- Immune System
- MAPK signaling pathway
- Melanoma
- Pathways in cancer
- Signal Transduction
- Adipocytokine signaling pathway
- Hepatitis C
- Hemostasis
- Jak-STAT signaling pathway
- Measles
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
- Tuberculosis
- Apoptosis
- Colorectal cancer
- Endometrial cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Tight junction
- Chemokine signaling pathway
- Neurotrophin signaling pathway
- T cell receptor signaling pathway
- Acute myeloid leukemia
- Apoptosis
- B cell receptor signaling pathway
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
- Chronic myeloid leukemia
- Glioma
- Insulin signaling pathway
- Osteoclast differentiation
- Pancreatic cancer
- Small cell lung cancer
- Toxoplasmosis
- Membrane Trafficking
- mTOR signaling pathway
- Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation
- Renal cell carcinoma
- VEGF signaling pathway
- Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway
- Translocation of Glut4 to the Plasma Membrane
- Non-small cell lung cancer
- Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
- Regulation of Beta-Cell Development
- Inhibition of HSL
Caution:
In light of strong homologies in the primary amino acid sequence, the 3 AKT kinases were long surmised to play redundant and overlapping roles. More recent studies has brought into question the redundancy within AKT kinase isoforms and instead pointed to isoform specific functions in different cellular events and diseases. AKT1 is more specifically involved in cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting apoptotic processes; whereas AKT2 is more specific for the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, while AKT1 and AKT2 are often implicated in many aspects of cellular transformation, the 2 isoforms act in a complementary opposing manner. The role of AKT3 is less clear, though it appears to be predominantly expressed in brain.
Enzyme Regulation:
Two specific sites, one in the kinase domain (Thr-309) and the other in the C-terminal regulatory region (Ser-474), need to be phosphorylated for its full activation. Aminofurazans are potent AKT2 inhibitors.
Molecular Function:
Biological Processes:
- Activation Of Gtpase Activity
- Apoptotic Process
- Carbohydrate Transport
- Cellular Protein Modification Process
- Cellular Response To Insulin Stimulus
- Fat Cell Differentiation
- Glucose Metabolic Process
- Glycogen Biosynthetic Process
- Insulin Receptor Signaling Pathway
- Intracellular Protein Transmembrane Transport
- Intracellular Signal Transduction
- Mammary Gland Epithelial Cell Differentiation
- Negative Regulation Of Plasma Membrane Long-Chain Fatty Acid Transport
- Peptidyl-Serine Phosphorylation
- Peripheral Nervous System Myelin Maintenance
- Positive Regulation Of Cell Migration
- Positive Regulation Of Cell Motility
- Positive Regulation Of Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation
- Positive Regulation Of Glucose Import
- Positive Regulation Of Glucose Import In Response To Insulin Stimulus
- Positive Regulation Of Glucose Metabolic Process
- Positive Regulation Of Glycogen Biosynthetic Process
- Positive Regulation Of Protein Phosphorylation
- Positive Regulation Of Protein Targeting To Membrane
- Positive Regulation Of Vesicle Fusion
- Protein Localization To Plasma Membrane
- Regulation Of Cell Cycle Arrest
- Regulation Of Cell Migration
- Regulation Of Translation
- Signal Transduction
- Cellular Response To Organic Cyclic Compound
- Negative Regulation Of Cysteine-Type Endopeptidase Activity Involved In Apoptotic Process
- Negative Regulation Of Rna Splicing
- Positive Regulation Of Nitric Oxide Biosynthetic Process
- Positive Regulation Of Peptidyl-Serine Phosphorylation
- Positive Regulation Of Positive Chemotaxis
- Positive Regulation Of Signal Transduction
- Positive Regulation Of Transcription From Rna Polymerase Ii Promoter
- Protein Kinase B Signaling
- Response To Muscle Activity
- Response To Nutrient Levels
- Response To Osmotic Stress