Summary of CCL2
CCL2 is a molecule that is associated with and increased in many inflammatory conditions. CCL2 increases risk for many chronic diseases.
The Function of CCL2
Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. Augments monocyte anti-tumor activity. Has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. May be involved in the recruitment of monocytes into the arterial wall during the disease process of atherosclerosis.
Protein names
Recommended name:
C-C motif chemokine 2Short name:
HC11Alternative name(s):
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor
MCAF
Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
MCP-1
Monocyte secretory protein JE
Small-inducible cytokine A2
- RS1024611 (CCL2) ??
- RS13900 (CCL2) ??
- RS2857656 (CCL2) ??
- RS3091315 (CCL2) ??
- RS3091316 (CCL2) ??
- RS3760396 (CCL2) ??
- RS4586 (CCL2) ??
- RS9889296 (CCL2) ??
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Top Gene-Substance Interactions
CCL2 Interacts with These Diseases
| Disease | Score |
Substances That Increase CCL2
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Substances That Decrease CCL2
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Advanced Summary
The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1).
CCL2 recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection.
In humans, up to half of the CCL2 is based on genetics.
CCL2 is primarily secreted by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Platelet derived growth factor is a major inducer of CCL2 gene. To become activated CCL2 protein has to be cleaved by metalloproteinase MMP-12.
CCL2 attracts monocytes, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils (if IL-3 or some other cytokines are present).
CCL2 augments monocyte anti-tumor activity and it is essential for formation of granulomas.
CCL2 can be found at the sites of tooth eruption and bone degradation. In the bone, CCL2 is found by mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts and it is under control of NFkB. In the human osteoclasts, CCL2 and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell found and secreted).
CCL2 and RANTES create osteoclast, which destroy bone.
The CCL2 chemokine is also found by neurons, astrocytes and microglia.
Clinical importance
CCL2 is implicated in causing several diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis and neuroinflammation.
CCL2 production in glial cells is increased in epilepsy, brain ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, experimental autoimmune conditions, and traumatic brain injury. Therefore, CCL2 likely plays a role in these conditions as well.
Amylin increase by CCL2 contributes to the elevation of the blood amylin and insulin resistance in obesity .
CCL2 significantly reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mucle.
Hypomethylation, high levels of blood glucose, oxidized LDL and Triglycerides increase CCL2 levels in the blood.
Melatonin decreases CCL2 .
From NCBI Gene: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, susceptibility toMycobacterium tuberculosis, susceptibility toNeural tube defect
From NCBI Gene: This gene is one of several cytokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. Chemokines are a superfamily of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The superfamily is divided into four subfamilies based on the arrangement of N-terminal cysteine residues of the mature peptide. This chemokine is a member of the CC subfamily which is characterized by two adjacent cysteine residues. This cytokine displays chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not for neutrophils or eosinophils. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. It binds to chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013] From UniProt: Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. Augments monocyte anti-tumor activity. Has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. May be involved in the recruitment of monocytes into the arterial wall during the disease process of atherosclerosis.
Conditions with Increased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Conditions with Decreased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Technical
The following transcription factors affect gene expression:
Tissue specificity:
Expressed in the seminal plasma, endometrial fluid and follicular fluid (at protein level).
Gene Pathways:
Induction:
Up-regulated upon hypertonic conditions.
Molecular Function:
Biological Processes:
- Mapk Cascade
- Angiogenesis
- Response To Hypoxia
- Positive Regulation Of Leukocyte Mediated Cytotoxicity
- Positive Regulation Of Endothelial Cell Proliferation
- Leukocyte Migration Involved In Inflammatory Response
- Monocyte Chemotaxis
- Positive Regulation Of Cellular Extravasation
- Protein Phosphorylation
- Cellular Calcium Ion Homeostasis
- Chemotaxis
- Inflammatory Response
- Humoral Immune Response
- Cytoskeleton Organization
- Cell Adhesion
- Signal Transduction
- Cell Surface Receptor Signaling Pathway
- Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor Signaling Pathway
- G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathway
- G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathway, Coupled To Cyclic Nucleotide Second Messenger
- Jak-Stat Cascade
- Aging
- Regulation Of Cell Shape
- Response To Heat
- Response To Wounding
- Response To Mechanical Stimulus
- Response To Bacterium
- Animal Organ Morphogenesis
- Response To Gamma Radiation
- Regulation Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production
- Positive Regulation Of Macrophage Chemotaxis
- Negative Regulation Of Angiogenesis
- Viral Genome Replication
- Cytokine-Mediated Signaling Pathway
- Cellular Homeostasis
- Neutrophil Chemotaxis
- Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Signaling Pathway
- Response To Progesterone
- Positive Regulation Of Tumor Necrosis Factor Production
- Cellular Response To Insulin Stimulus
- Positive Regulation Of Collagen Biosynthetic Process
- Response To Vitamin B3
- Negative Regulation Of Glial Cell Apoptotic Process
- Helper T Cell Extravasation
- Cellular Response To Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Stimulus
- Cellular Response To Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Stimulus
- Perk-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response
- Response To Amino Acid
- Protein Kinase B Signaling
- Negative Regulation Of Neuron Apoptotic Process
- Positive Regulation Of Gtpase Activity
- Astrocyte Cell Migration
- Cellular Response To Fibroblast Growth Factor Stimulus
- Response To Ethanol
- Response To Antibiotic
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway
- Macrophage Chemotaxis
- Lymphocyte Chemotaxis
- Positive Regulation Of Inflammatory Response
- Positive Regulation Of Synaptic Transmission
- Positive Regulation Of T Cell Activation
- Positive Regulation Of Nitric-Oxide Synthase Biosynthetic Process
- Maternal Process Involved In Female Pregnancy
- Maternal Process Involved In Parturition
- Chemokine-Mediated Signaling Pathway
- Positive Regulation Of Erk1 And Erk2 Cascade
- Cellular Response To Lipopolysaccharide
- Cellular Response To Retinoic Acid
- Cellular Response To Atp
- Cellular Response To Interferon-Gamma
- Cellular Response To Interleukin-1
- Cellular Response To Interleukin-6
- Cellular Response To Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Cellular Response To High Density Lipoprotein Particle Stimulus
- Cellular Response To Organic Cyclic Compound
- Cellular Response To Dexamethasone Stimulus
- Positive Regulation Of Monocyte Chemotaxis
- Positive Regulation Of Immune Complex Clearance By Monocytes And Macrophages
- Positive Regulation Of Calcium Ion Import
- Positive Regulation Of Protein Targeting To Membrane
- Positive Regulation Of Apoptotic Cell Clearance
- Negative Regulation Of Natural Killer Cell Chemotaxis