Summary of CCL2
CCL2 is a molecule that is associated with and increased in many inflammatory conditions. CCL2 increases risk for many chronic diseases.
The Function of CCL2
Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. Augments monocyte anti-tumor activity. Has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. May be involved in the recruitment of monocytes into the arterial wall during the disease process of atherosclerosis.
Protein names
Recommended name:
C-C motif chemokine 2Short name:
HC11Alternative name(s):
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor
MCAF
Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
MCP-1
Monocyte secretory protein JE
Small-inducible cytokine A2
- RS1024611 (CCL2) ??
- RS13900 (CCL2) ??
- RS2857656 (CCL2) ??
- RS3091315 (CCL2) ??
- RS3091316 (CCL2) ??
- RS3760396 (CCL2) ??
- RS4586 (CCL2) ??
- RS9889296 (CCL2) ??
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Top Gene-Substance Interactions
CCL2 Interacts with These Diseases
| Disease | Score |
Substances That Increase CCL2
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Substances That Decrease CCL2
| Substances | Interaction | Organism | Category |
Advanced Summary
The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1).
CCL2 recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection.
In humans, up to half of the CCL2 is based on genetics.
CCL2 is primarily secreted by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Platelet derived growth factor is a major inducer of CCL2 gene. To become activated CCL2 protein has to be cleaved by metalloproteinase MMP-12.
CCL2 attracts monocytes, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils (if IL-3 or some other cytokines are present).
CCL2 augments monocyte anti-tumor activity and it is essential for formation of granulomas.
CCL2 can be found at the sites of tooth eruption and bone degradation. In the bone, CCL2 is found by mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts and it is under control of NFkB. In the human osteoclasts, CCL2 and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell found and secreted).
CCL2 and RANTES create osteoclast, which destroy bone.
The CCL2 chemokine is also found by neurons, astrocytes and microglia.
Clinical importance
CCL2 is implicated in causing several diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis and neuroinflammation.
CCL2 production in glial cells is increased in epilepsy, brain ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, experimental autoimmune conditions, and traumatic brain injury. Therefore, CCL2 likely plays a role in these conditions as well.
Amylin increase by CCL2 contributes to the elevation of the blood amylin and insulin resistance in obesity .
CCL2 significantly reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mucle.
Hypomethylation, high levels of blood glucose, oxidized LDL and Triglycerides increase CCL2 levels in the blood.
Melatonin decreases CCL2 .
From NCBI Gene: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, susceptibility toMycobacterium tuberculosis, susceptibility toNeural tube defect
From NCBI Gene: This gene is one of several cytokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. Chemokines are a superfamily of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The superfamily is divided into four subfamilies based on the arrangement of N-terminal cysteine residues of the mature peptide. This chemokine is a member of the CC subfamily which is characterized by two adjacent cysteine residues. This cytokine displays chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not for neutrophils or eosinophils. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. It binds to chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013] From UniProt: Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. Augments monocyte anti-tumor activity. Has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. May be involved in the recruitment of monocytes into the arterial wall during the disease process of atherosclerosis.
Conditions with Increased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Conditions with Decreased Gene Activity
| Condition | Change (log2fold) | Comparison | Species | Experimental variables | Experiment name |
|---|
Technical
The following transcription factors affect gene expression:
Tissue specificity:
Expressed in the seminal plasma, endometrial fluid and follicular fluid (at protein level).
Gene Pathways:
Induction:
Up-regulated upon hypertonic conditions.
Molecular Function:
Biological Processes:
- Angiogenesis
- Animal Organ Morphogenesis
- Astrocyte Cell Migration
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Surface Receptor Signaling Pathway
- Cellular Homeostasis
- Cellular Response To Fibroblast Growth Factor Stimulus
- Cellular Response To Interferon-Gamma
- Cellular Response To Interleukin-1
- Cellular Response To Lipopolysaccharide
- Cellular Response To Organic Cyclic Compound
- Cellular Response To Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Chemokine-Mediated Signaling Pathway
- Chemotaxis
- Cytokine-Mediated Signaling Pathway
- Cytoskeleton Organization
- G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathway
- G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathway, Coupled To Cyclic Nucleotide Second Messenger
- Helper T Cell Extravasation
- Humoral Immune Response
- Inflammatory Response
- Jak-Stat Cascade
- Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Signaling Pathway
- Macrophage Chemotaxis
- Mapk Cascade
- Monocyte Chemotaxis
- Negative Regulation Of Glial Cell Apoptotic Process
- Negative Regulation Of Natural Killer Cell Chemotaxis
- Negative Regulation Of Neuron Apoptotic Process
- Neutrophil Chemotaxis
- Perk-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response
- Positive Regulation Of Apoptotic Cell Clearance
- Positive Regulation Of Calcium Ion Import
- Positive Regulation Of Erk1 And Erk2 Cascade
- Positive Regulation Of Gtpase Activity
- Positive Regulation Of Inflammatory Response
- Positive Regulation Of Nitric-Oxide Synthase Biosynthetic Process
- Positive Regulation Of T Cell Activation
- Protein Kinase B Signaling
- Protein Phosphorylation
- Regulation Of Cell Shape
- Response To Bacterium
- Signal Transduction
- Viral Genome Replication
- Response To Amino Acid
- Response To Antibiotic
- Aging
- Cellular Calcium Ion Homeostasis
- Cellular Response To Atp
- Cellular Response To Dexamethasone Stimulus
- Cellular Response To High Density Lipoprotein Particle Stimulus
- Cellular Response To Insulin Stimulus
- Cellular Response To Interleukin-6
- Cellular Response To Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Stimulus
- Cellular Response To Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Stimulus
- Cellular Response To Retinoic Acid
- Leukocyte Migration Involved In Inflammatory Response
- Lymphocyte Chemotaxis
- Maternal Process Involved In Female Pregnancy
- Maternal Process Involved In Parturition
- Negative Regulation Of Angiogenesis
- Positive Regulation Of Cellular Extravasation
- Positive Regulation Of Collagen Biosynthetic Process
- Positive Regulation Of Endothelial Cell Proliferation
- Positive Regulation Of Immune Complex Clearance By Monocytes And Macrophages
- Positive Regulation Of Leukocyte Mediated Cytotoxicity
- Positive Regulation Of Macrophage Chemotaxis
- Positive Regulation Of Monocyte Chemotaxis
- Positive Regulation Of Protein Targeting To Membrane
- Positive Regulation Of Synaptic Transmission
- Positive Regulation Of Tumor Necrosis Factor Production
- Regulation Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production
- Response To Ethanol
- Response To Gamma Radiation
- Response To Heat
- Response To Hypoxia
- Response To Mechanical Stimulus
- Response To Progesterone
- Response To Vitamin B3
- Response To Wounding
- Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor Signaling Pathway
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway