Definition
A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Found in potatoes, coffee beans, etc.
Description
Xanthine is a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed.).
Top Gene Interactions
Related Pathways
Xanthine Health Effects
General Information
- Metabolism: Xanthine is readily converted to uric acid. The enzyme xanthine oxidase makes uric acid from xanthine and hypoxanthine, which in turn are produced from other purines. In humans and higher primates, uric acid is the final oxidation (breakdown) product of purine metabolism and is excreted in urine.
- Uses/Sources: Naturally produced by the body (endogenous).
- Health Effects: Chronically high concentrations of xanthine can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones. Chronically high levels of xanthine are associated with at least 4 inborn errors of metabolism including: Xanthinuria type I, Xanthuria type II, Molybdenium Cofactor Deficiency, and Xanthinuria.
- Symptoms: May lead to arthropathy, myopathy, crystal nephropathy, urolithiasis, or renal failure.
- Treatment: Chronic Exposure: Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of xanthine toxicity until normal kidney function can be restored. Acute Exposure: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.
- Route of Exposure: Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact)
Xanthine Interacts with Diseases
| Disease | Inference Score | References/Inference Genes |
| Brain Ischemia | 29.82 | |
| Neoplasm Invasiveness | 28.68 | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 28.26 |
|
| Reperfusion Injury | 28.24 | |
| Carcinoma | 25.66 | |
| Stomach Neoplasms | 25.6 | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 24.74 | |
| Breast carcinoma | 24.62 | |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | 23.33 | |
| Cell Transformation, Neoplastic | 22.38 | |
| Obesity | 22.33 | |
| Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental | 21.9 | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | 21.68 |
References/Inference Genes
|
| Colonic neoplasm | 21.3 | |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental | 20.12 | |
| Osteoporosis | 19.69 |
|
| Kidney Failure, Chronic | 19.37 | |
| Ischemia | 19.17 | |
| Alcoholic liver cirrhosis | 19.0 |
|
| Myocardial infarction | 18.46 |