Definition
A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.
Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble compounds with a common chemical structure, 2, methyl-1,4-napthoquinone. Phylloquinone is present in food of plant origin, such as green, leafy vegetables and certain plant oils, and is the predominant form in the diet. Bacterial and other forms of vitamin K, referred to as the menaquinones, differ in structure from phylloquinone in their 3-substituted lipophilic side chain. Menaquinone-4 (MK-4), which is alkylated from menadione, is present in animal feeds or is the product of tissue-specific conversion directly from dietary phylloquinone. Vitamin K is a cofactor specific to the formation of gamma-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues in certain proteins, including prothrombin necessary for normal hemostatic function. The naturally occurring forms of vitamin K are quinones (i.e. phylloquinone and menaquinones) so vitamin K is reduced to the vitamin K hydroquinone prior to catalyzing the gamma-carboxylation reaction. The active site for the carboxylation reaction is on the napthoquinone ring, which is identical for all forms of vitamin K, including phylloquinone and MK-4. (PMID 16857056) [HMDB]
Description
Phylloquinone is often called vitamin K1. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stable to air and moisture but decomposes in sunlight. It is found naturally in a wide variety of green plants. Phylloquinone is also an antidote for coumatetralyl. Vitamin K is needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation.
Top Gene Interactions
Related Pathways
Vitamin K 1 Health Effects
General Information
- Metabolism: Route of Elimination: Almost no free unmetabolized vitamin K appears in bile or urine.
- Uses/Sources: For the treatment of haemorrhagic conditions in infants, antidote for coumarin anticoagulants in hypoprothrombinaemia.
- Route of Exposure: Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intravenous injection. Oral phylloquinone is adequately absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract only if bile salts are present. After absorption, phylloquinone is initially concentrated in the liver, but the concentration declines rapidly. Very little vitamin K accumulates in tissues.
Toxicity
- Carcinogenicity: 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)
- Toxicity: LD50: 41.5 mL/kg at 0.2% (Intravenous, Mouse) (A308) LD50: 52 mL/kg at 1% (Intravenous, Mouse) (A308)
Mechanism of Action
| Target Name | Mechanism of Action | References |
|---|---|---|
|
Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase Osteocalcin |
Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the gamma-carboxylase enzymes which catalyze the posttranslational gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in inactive hepatic precursors of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X. Gamma-carboxylation converts these inactive precursors into active coagulation factors which are secreted by hepatocytes into the blood. Supplementing with Phytonadione results in a relief of vitamin K deficiency symptoms which include easy bruisability, epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia and hematuria. |
11668761 7638250 10418836 6380538 8473318 11374034 105006 11678581 16929463 11541904 |
Vitamin K 1 Interacts with Diseases
| Disease | Inference Score | References/Inference Genes |
| Lung Neoplasms | 24.66 |
|
| Brain Ischemia | 22.84 |
|
| Reperfusion Injury | 21.79 |
|
| Stomach Neoplasms | 21.68 |
|
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 21.07 |
|
| Breast carcinoma | 16.91 |
|
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | 15.37 |
|
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 15.11 |
|
| Arthritis, Juvenile | 14.87 |
|
| Heat Stroke | 14.54 |
|
| Nerve Degeneration | 14.3 |
|
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | 12.72 |
|
| Status Epilepticus | 12.72 |
|
| Head and Neck Neoplasms | 12.69 |
|
| Thromboembolism | 11.97 |
|
| Cardiomyopathies | 11.89 |
|
| Prostatic Neoplasms | 11.51 |
|
| Neoplasm Metastasis | 11.17 |
|
| Hypertrophy | 10.83 |
|
| Sepsis | 10.81 |
|