Definition
A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
Description
A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
Top Gene Interactions
Related Pathways
General Information
- Metabolism: Magnesium is almost exclusively excreted in the urine, with 90% of the dose excreted during the first 24 hours after an intravenous infusion of MgSO4. The pharmacokinetic profile of MgSO4 after intravenous administration can be described by a 2-compartment model with a rapid distribution (a) phase, followed by a relative slow beta phase of elimination. Route of Elimination: Magnesium is excreted solely by the kidney at a rate proportional to the serum concentration and glomerular filtration. Half Life: 43.2 hours (for newborns)
- Uses/Sources: Oral magnesium sulfate, or magnesium hydroxide, is commonly used as a saline laxative. Epsom salt is also available in a gel form for topical application in treating aches and pains. Magnesium sulfate can be used to treat eclampsia in pregnant women. It can also delay labor in the case of premature labor, to delay preterm birth.In agriculture and gardening, magnesium sulfate is used to correct magnesium deficiency in soil, since magnesium is an essential element in the chlorophyll molecule. It can also be used as an anesthesic. A concentration of 1.8 to 3.0 mmol/L has been suggested for treatment of eclamptic convulsions.
- Health Effects: May cause a potentially dangerous rash that may develop into Stevens Johnson syndrome, an extremely rare but potentially fatal skin disease. Respiratory paralysis occurs at 5 to 6.5 mmol/L. Cardiac conduction is altered at greater than 7.5 mmol/L, and cardiac arrest can be expected when concentrations of magnesium exceed 12.5 mmol/L.
- Symptoms: Adverse reactions include hypotension, ECG changes, diarrhea, urinary retention, CNS depression and respiratory depression.
- Treatment: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.
- Route of Exposure: Parenteral(intravenous, intramuscular) oral.
Toxicity
- Carcinogenicity: No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
- Toxicity: LD50: 1200 mg/kg (rat, parenteral-subcutaneous). The first warning of impending toxicity is loss of the patellar reflex at plasma concentrations between 3.5 and 5 mmol/L. Respiratory paralysis occurs at 5 to 6.5 mmol/L. Cardiac conduction is altered at greater than 7.5 mmol/L, and cardiac arrest can be expected when concentrations of magnesium exceed 12.5 mmol/L.
- Minimum Risk Level: 3.5 mmol/L in blood.
Mechanism of Action
Target Name | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 |
Magnesium is the second most plentiful cation of the intracellular fluids. It is essential for the activity of many enzyme systems and plays an important role with regard to neurochemical transmission and muscular excitability. Magnesium sulfate reduces striated muscle contractions and blocks peripheral neuromuscular transmission by reducing acetylcholine release at the myoneural junction. Additionally, Magnesium inhibits Ca2+ influx through dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-dependent channels. This accounts for much of its relaxant action on vascular smooth muscle. |
17139284 17016423 |
Magnesium Sulfate Interacts with Diseases
Disease | Inference Score | References/Inference Genes |
Hyperuricemic Nephropathy, Familial Juvenile 2 | 5.8 |
|
Bamforth syndrome | 5.34 |
|
Mesothelioma, Malignant | 5.25 |
|
Butyrylcholinesterase deficiency | 5.14 |
|
Allanson Pantzar McLeod syndrome | 5.11 |
|
RENAL TUBULAR DYSGENESIS | 5.11 |
|
Glomerulonephritis | 5.1 |
|
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic | 5.06 |
|
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies | 5.04 |
|
Glioblastoma multiforme | 5.0 |
|
Liddle Syndrome | 4.9 |
|
Corneal Ulcer | 4.83 |
|
Eye Infections, Bacterial | 4.81 |
|
Sleep Apnea Syndromes | 4.59 |
|
Muscular Dystrophies | 4.45 |
|
Bartter Syndrome | 4.36 |
|
Lichenoid Eruptions | 4.19 |
|
Chronic kidney disease | 4.15 |
|
Lewy body dementia | 4.13 |
|
Trismus | 4.05 |
|