Definition
A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.
Guanidine apparently acts by enhancing the release of acetylcholine following a nerve impulse. It also appears to slow the rates of depolarization and repolarization of muscle cell membranes.; Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. The molecule was first synthesized in 1861 by the oxidative degradation of an aromatic natural product, guanine, isolated from Peruvian guano. Despite the provocative simplicity of the molecule, the crystal structure was first described 148 years later.; Guanidine is a polyamine that can function as a strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. With a pKa of 12.5, guanidine is protonated, with a charge of +1 in physiological conditions. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed). Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. -- Wikipedia; Guanidines are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=N-R5. The central bond within this group is that of an imine; the other recognizable motif within this group is an aminal. Examples of guanidines are arginine, triazabicyclodecene and saxitoxin. other derivatives could include guanidine hydroxide, the active ingredient in some non-lye relaxers. Guanidinium salts are well known for their denaturing action on proteins. Guanidinium chloride is one of the most effective denaturants. In 6 M GndHCl all proteins with an ordered structure lose their structure, and most of them become randomly coiled, that is, they do not contain any residual structure.
Description
Guanidine nitrate is a nitrate of guanidine. It is a high energy fuel used in some gas generator and solid rocket propellant applications. Nitrite is a toxic compound known to cause methemoglobinemia. (L1137, L1627)
Top Gene Interactions
Guanidine Health Effects
General Information
- Metabolism: Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137)
- Uses/Sources: It is a high energy fuel used in some gas generator and solid rocket propellant applications.
- Health Effects: Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137)
- Symptoms: Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137)
- Treatment: Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613)
- Route of Exposure: Oral (L1137) ; inhalation (L1137)
Toxicity
- Carcinogenicity: Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (L135)
- Toxicity: LD50: 989.6 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (A676)
Mechanism of Action
| Target Name | Mechanism of Action | References |
|---|---|---|
|
DNA Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Solute carrier family 22 member 8 Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase Ribonuclease pancreatic Disks large homolog 4 Klotho NADPH oxidase 4 |
17139284 10592235 7986344 17016423 16302208 22419041 179611 25041433 8700871 15533043 |
Guanidine Interacts with Diseases
| Disease | Inference Score | References/Inference Genes |
| Nephrosis | 10.63 |
|
| Stroke | 8.84 |
|
| Brain Ischemia | 8.82 |
|
| Disease Models, Animal | 8.53 |
|
| Proteinuria | 7.87 |
|
| Elliptocytosis 2 | 7.86 |
|
| Pyropoikilocytosis, Hereditary | 7.86 |
|
| Spherocytosis, Type 3 | 7.86 |
|
| Anemia, Neonatal | 7.69 |
|
| Elliptocytosis, Hereditary | 7.69 |
|
| Unipolar depression | 7.68 |
|
| Heart failure | 7.45 |
|
| Spherocytosis, Hereditary | 7.23 |
|
| Hypotension | 6.68 |
|
| Hyperthyroxinemia, Familial Dysalbuminemic | 6.63 |
|
| ZINC, ELEVATED PLASMA | 6.63 |
|
| Hypertension | 6.12 |
|
| Deficiency Diseases | 5.99 |
|
| Protein Deficiency | 5.78 |
|
| Echinococcosis | 5.73 |
|