Definition
Description
Top Gene Interactions
Related Pathways
General Information
- Metabolism: Primarily hepatic, mostly demethylation
- Uses/Sources: For the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections inside the mouth (thrush) and skin, also for the prevention of transmission of Chagas' disease (as a blood additive).
- Health Effects: Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.
- Symptoms: Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.
- Treatment: If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.
Toxicity
- Carcinogenicity: No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
- Toxicity: LD<sub>50</sub>=420 mg/kg (rat, oral).
Mechanism of Action
Target Name | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor Androgen receptor Metal regulatory transcription factor 1 Cellular tumor antigen p53 Cytochrome P450 2B6 Acetylcholinesterase Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma DNA Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 Cytochrome P450 1A1 Cholinesterase Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Translocator protein Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Mu-type opioid receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 D(2) dopamine receptor D(4) dopamine receptor Delta-type opioid receptor D(1A) dopamine receptor Histamine H1 receptor Substance-K receptor Cytochrome P450 3A3 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor Cytochrome P450 2D6 Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A Cytochrome P450 1A2 Cytochrome P450 2C9 Cytochrome P450 2C19 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 Estrogen receptor Glucocorticoid receptor Endothelin-1 receptor |
23611293 17139284 17016423 16499061 2272286 |
Gentian Violet Interacts with Diseases
Disease | Inference Score | References/Inference Genes |
Kidney disease | 8.84 |
|
Carotid Artery Diseases | 5.73 |
|
Ureteral Calculi | 5.73 |
|
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia | 5.68 |
|
Vestibular Diseases | 5.5 |
|
Respiratory Sounds | 5.36 |
|
Kidney stone | 5.25 |
|
Chronic myelogenous leukemia | 5.19 |
|
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | 5.15 |
|
Sarcoma | 5.13 |
|
Acute coronary syndrome | 5.1 |
|
Osteosarcoma | 5.08 |
|
Hodgkins lymphoma | 5.05 |
|
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 4.92 |
|
Chromosome Aberrations | 4.9 |
|
Amphetamine-Related Disorders | 4.77 | |
Glioma | 4.72 |
|
Disease Progression | 4.7 |
|
Dermatitis, Contact | 4.68 |
|
Renal cell carcinoma | 4.64 |
|