Definition
A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. Occurs in the free state in lemons, currants, beetroot etc. and the seeds and juices of many flowers and plants. Commercially produced by large-scale fermentation of sugars using the mould Aspergillus nigus. Constit. of fruit drinks, pharmaceutical syrups. Flavouring ingredient. Primary function as an acid, acidity regulator, antioxidant, preservative and sequestrant. One of the most widely used food additives. Its clean taste makes it applicable in soft drinks, sugar confectionery, preserves, soups and sauces Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks. (Wikipedia)
Description
Manganese citrate is a chemical compound of manganese. Manganese is a naturally occurring metal with the symbol Mn and the atomic number 25. It does not occur naturally in its pure form, but is found in many types of rocks in combination with other substances such as oxygen, sulfur, or chlorine. Manganese occurs naturally in most foods and small amounts are needed to stay healthy, as manganese ions act as cofactors for a number of enzymes. (L228, L229)
Top Gene Interactions
Related Pathways
General Information
- Metabolism:
Manganese is absorbed mainly via ingestion, but can also be inhaled. It binds to alpha-2-macroglobulin, albumin, or transferrin in the plasma and is distributed to the brain and all other mammalian tissues, though it tends to accumulate more in the liver, pancreas, and kidney. Manganese is capable of existing in a number of oxidation states and is believed to undergo changes in oxidation state within the body. Manganese oxidation state can influence tissue toxicokinetic behavior, and possibly toxicity. Manganese is excreted primarily in the faeces. (L228)
- Health Effects: Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as
- Symptoms:
Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as
- Route of Exposure:
Oral (L228) ; inhalation (L228)
Mechanism of Action
Target Name | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|
Major prion protein Putative testis-specific prion protein |
Manganese binds to the prion protein, altering its conformation, displacing copper, and altering the redox chemistry of the metal-protein complex. These changes are similar to those associated with prion disease. (A158) |
18332141 |
Aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial Cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase |
Manganese interferes with amino acid metabolism by inhibiting aconitase, resulting in an increase in citrate levels. It is also believed that this direct disruption of the catalytic [4Fe-4S] cluster of aconitase by manganese produces iron regulary protein 1, resulting in alterations in cellular iron homeostasis. (A159) |
17469137 |
Iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 | Manganese alters cellular iron homeostasis by stabilizing iron regulatory protein 2. This may occur by manganese competing directly for an iron-binding site on the iron binding protein, disrupting the cellular mechanisms responsible for its iron-dependent degradation. (A159) |
17469137 |
Citric Acid Interacts with Diseases
Disease | Inference Score | References/Inference Genes |
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental | 27.07 |
|
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury | 20.54 |
|
Reperfusion Injury | 19.04 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | 18.34 |
|
Intracerebral hemorrhage | 17.55 |
|
Alzheimer's Disease | 15.76 |
|
Osteochondrodysplasias | 14.74 |
|
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental | 13.12 |
|
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 12.55 |
|
Hepatitis, Chronic | 12.51 |
|
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung | 12.15 |
|
Prostatic Neoplasms | 12.04 |
|
Diabetic Neuropathies | 11.82 |
|
Intestinal Neoplasms | 11.67 |
|
Myocardial infarction | 11.56 |
|
Head and Neck Neoplasms | 11.54 |
|
Status Epilepticus | 11.0 |
|
Asthma | 10.86 |
|
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | 10.47 |
|
Colonic neoplasm | 10.06 |
|