Description
Top Gene Interactions
Related Pathways
Catechol Health Effects
General Information
- Metabolism: The carbamates are hydrolyzed enzymatically by the liver; degradation products are excreted by the kidneys and the liver. (L793)
- Uses/Sources: 2-Hydroxyphenyl methylcarbamate is widely used as an insecticide or pesticide in homes, gardens and agricultural applications. It is a synthetic compound.
- Health Effects: Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Chronically high (>10 years) exposure leads to neuropsychological consequences including disturbances in perception and visuo-motor processing (A15321).
- Symptoms: As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)
- Treatment: If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.
- Route of Exposure: Inhalation (L793) ; oral (L793); dermal (L793)
Mechanism of Action
Target Name | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma |
23611293 |
Catechol Interacts with Diseases
Disease | Inference Score | References/Inference Genes |
Brain Ischemia | 39.4 |
|
Reperfusion Injury | 37.45 |
|
Breast carcinoma | 35.16 |
|
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury | 31.21 |
|
Prostatic Neoplasms | 30.77 |
|
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental | 30.52 |
|
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung | 30.32 |
|
Colonic neoplasm | 29.38 |
|
Glomerulonephritis | 29.05 |
|
Atherosclerosis | 28.76 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental | 28.53 |
|
Lung Neoplasms | 28.4 |
|
Inflammation | 28.12 |
|
Pulmonary Fibrosis | 27.55 |
|
Asthma | 27.48 |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis | 27.21 |
|
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | 23.92 |
|
Status Epilepticus | 23.89 |
|
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous | 23.57 |
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 22.08 |
|